The Kinzhal missile was launched from a MiG-31 aircraft that took off from an airfield in south-western Russia, the defense ministry said.
“The launch went according to plan: the hypersonic missile hit its target,” the ministry said.
The Kinzhal missile was one of the weapons Putin unveiled in his state of the nation address earlier this month, ahead of a presidential election on 18 March that he is all but guaranteed to win.
Putin said the missile flies at 10 times the speed of the sound and can overcome air-defense systems.
Since the start of the year, more than 250 sorties have been carried out by the aircraft to perfect the missile system, the defense ministry said.