Why It Matters:
Al-Razi’s contributions laid the foundation for evidence-based medicine and experimental chemistry. His texts were taught in European universities for over 500 years, and his approach to diagnosis, ethics, and mental health remains strikingly modern.
The big picture:
Zakariya al-Razi (Rhazes), the 9th-century Persian polymath, is credited with refining ethanol (alcohol) through distillation of starchy substances, a process he documented in his alchemical treatises. While earlier scholars like al-Kindi had experimented with wine distillation, al-Razi’s method was more advanced and influential, especially in Europe where his Latin-translated texts shaped medieval chemistry.
Key points:
- Served as chief physician at hospitals in Baghdad and Ray
- First to clinically distinguish smallpox from measles (with Thabit ibn Qurra)
- Known for compassionate care, treating patients regardless of wealth or status
- Attracted a diverse group of students and emphasized medical ethics
Zoom In:
- Authored over 200 scientific works, including Kitab al-Hawi (The Comprehensive Book) and On Smallpox and Measles
- First to distinguish between contagious diseases and develop alcohol and sulfuric acid in lab settings
- Advocated for mental health as part of holistic healing
- Directed hospitals in Baghdad and Ray, transforming them into advanced medical centers
- His manuscripts are preserved in major libraries across the world
Go deeper:
Iran marks this day as 'National Pharmacy Day', using al-Razi’s legacy to inspire innovation in medical research and education. His story continues to resonate with scientists, physicians, and thinkers across the globe.
Neda Sajjadi - ahmad shirzadian
